Dreams of John F. Kennedy - 700 Words

Inaugural Address: The Dreams of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy; even today 50 years after his death, his name still inspires Americans and others around the globe. President Kennedy was elected in 1960; this was the start of a new decade and a new generation and was a time of great change in our nation. Kennedy was the youngest U.S. president in our history and when sworn into office spoke his Inaugural Address. His Inaugural speech addresses many problems faced by Americans and many other people around the world during this. The Inaugural Address focuses on several main points including, segregation and civil rights of African Americans and other minorities, calling all Americans to help both him and the country move forward,†¦show more content†¦Sara Ann Mehltretter writes in her thesis of Kennedy’s Address, â€Å"Thus, Kennedy challenged the people themselves to determine their own future.† Based on these quotes, to a majority of Americans, the 196 0’s was the beginning of something new and different. American’s put great faith in their government to solve big problems facing the country but he wanted American’s to not only put faith in the government but in themselves as well. He established the Peace Corps to challenge the American citizens and to have them dedicate themselves to public service. President Kennedy states that â€Å"man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty.† The idea was to end poverty because the U.S. is a strong nation and has the ability to do so. To many, he was thought of as a strong leader, not only through his powerful words but through his successful style. At the time, the U.S. was facing major problems with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and Vietnam. President Kennedy hoped to bring peace to those countries, he had a dream to stop communism from spreading and to advance democracy around the world. In his Inaugural Address he states, â€Å"To those old allies . . . we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United there is little we cannot do . . . Divided there is little we can do.† In his statement, he stated to those countries to forget the past becauseShow MoreRelatedHaving Dreams Of Being On The Moon By John F. Kennedy1294 Words   |  6 PagesHaving dreams of being on the moon, President John F. Kennedy approaches the podium on September 12th, 1962 at Rice University in Houston Texas to inspire others to have unimaginable dreams of their own. Kennedy produces a dramatically moving speech to create brilliance across America and for all of America, through his own dreams in the context of â€Å"The decision to go to the moon.† Around this time was the height of the cold war and just the start of the space race, with that said, he starts hisRead MoreWar : Dream Or Impossibility? American President John F. Kennedy1063 Words   |  5 Pages Michael Dombrovsky Mrs.Healy ENG2DI-03 26 October 2015 End to War: Dream or Impossibility American president John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"The cost of freedom is always high, but Americans have always paid it. And one path we shall never choose, and that is the path of surrender, or submission†. War has been an everyday occurrence in the lives of ordinary people in developing countries. Ever since the invention of the sword, nations have waged war on their enemies. Through a combination of variousRead More John F. Kennedys Civil Rights Speech1300 Words   |  5 Pagescivil rights? John F. Kennedy believed so during the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Right Movement began around 1950 and ended around 1970. A few of the major leaders were Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and John F. Kennedy. The purpose of the Civil Rights Movement was to end discrimination and prejudice among whites and blacks. Many African Americans did not have the same rights as Caucasians mainly due to their skin being a different color. A famous speech delivered by John F. Kennedy was â €Å"TheRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthey liked and enjoyed where they lead this country. One of those few presidents was President John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, Kennedy became the youngest and first Roman Catholic president. He won the hearts of many Americans with his youthfulness and charming good looks. Kennedy won the presidential race against Richard Nixon in a very close race. John F. Kennedy s assassination occurred on November 22, 1963, in Dallas Texas, this caused much shock andRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Compared to Martin Luther King Jr.957 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay There have been many great speeches delivered in the past. Some of the best ones demonstrated why our our freedoms, our liberty, and to be united as a country, is so important. John F. Kennedy’s â€Å"Inaugural Address† and Martin Luther King Junior’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† are both great examples of such historical speeches. Both these speeches have many similarities such as, referencing the past, wanting change to happen, and both desired peace. Yet with all these similaritiesRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1220 Words   |  5 PagesPresident John â€Å"Jack† Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts to Rose Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy, also known as JFK, had three brothers and five sisters. Young John, â€Å"Jack† as he was known by, attended a boarding school for boys in Connecticut. Here he was active in football, golf, tennis, and basketball. Once Jack graduated Choate in 1936, he entere d Harvard. It was while he was studying at Harvard that he injured his back while playing football,Read MoreThe Life of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of The United States. He was more than just the Commander-in Chief to many. For those who admired him the most, he was not just their role model, he was also their hero. But, he was also the only Catholic to hold the highest office of the land. Many groups, especially the Protestants, were opposed to a Catholic president. They feared that the Vatican somehow would become involved in America’s matters, and the Constitution would be changed to make CatholicismRead MoreLeslie Cardoso. Leslie Cardoso. Ap English 3. P.3.1082 Words   |  5 PagesCardoso Leslie Cardoso Ap English 3 p.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The JFK Inaugural Address On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered one of America s few standout inaugural addresses and one of the finest speeches in American history. By invoking the American dream and extending its promise to the rest of the world, Kennedy s speech was an inspirational call to action that resonates even today. John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, The article â€Å"Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years on†,Read MoreJohn F. Kennedy Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesof America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy remains the youngest man ever elected to the office of Chief Executive, and the youngest man to die while still fulfilling his duties. Serving as Americas President, John F. Kennedy held his office for 1000 days, dying November 22nd, 1963, assassinated at the age of 46. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second son of nine children of the wealthy Roman Catholic Kennedy family. Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Kennedys fatherRead MoreRhetoric in Jfk and Mlk Jr.s Speeches1119 Words   |  5 Pages1960’s, civil rights were becoming a very present and evident concern to the people of America once again. Issues were being brought up to leaders that could and had the authority to actually help out and do something about these said issues. John F. Kennedy was elected in 1961, and the state our country was in was not as great as it could have been. In fact, it was not good at all. In North America, African Americans were discriminated against in many areas including education, work opportunities

Great Memory Free Essays

Memory†¦ is the diary that we all carry about with us† is a quote by Oscar Wilde that in my personal opinion describes memory pretty well. Memory is something that people carry with them all the time. It is a powerful thing and something that most people never want to lose. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now In some cases memories can be of something good or they can also be a bad memory. It all depends on how you want to remember it. Samuel Taylor Coleridge talks about memory in one of his poems he wrote called â€Å"Frost at Midnight. † Also there is talk about memory in â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† written by Percy Bysshe Shelly. Both of these poems show how the authors are using their memories to write the pomes. Both writers talk about a memory they have and they tell a story using it. Coleridge talks about how he feels now and reflects to how he felt as a child while raising his own child. Shelly talks about how he wishes he felt different now and how he wants to feel like he did when he was young. Both authors I think are sort of depressed. In their poems the tone is kind of melancholy and sad. In â€Å"Frost at Midnight† it is winter time hence the name. And in the winter is when he feels lonelier. The author lives in a cottage and it is very late at night. In the poem he talks about it being so quite. In the poem he says â€Å"The inmates of my cottage, all at rest. Have lett me to that solitude, which suits abstract musings: save that at my side my cradled infant slumbers peacefully’ (as cited in Damrosch, 2004, p. 344). Everyone is asleep even his child is sound asleep; he is the only one up. And he is starting to feel lonely with all the stillness. The only other thing that is up is a piece of soot in the fire place. As Coleridge says in the poem â€Å"Only that film, which fluttered on the rate, still flutters there, the sole unquiet thing. Great Memory 3 Methinks, its motion in this hush nature gives it dim sympathies with me who live, making it a companionable form† (p. 344). This piece of â€Å"film† or soot makes him think back to his childhood. This is where the memory part comes into play. He is thinking back to his child hood. He is thinking about his birthplace, the old church-tower, and the bells of the poor man and thinking about this is making him homesick. Then he talks about how he was a lonely child. In the poem he says â€Å"save if the door half opened, and I natched a hasty glance , and still my heart leaped up, for still I hoped to see the stranger’s face, townsman, or aunt, or sister, more beloved, my playmate when we both were clothed alike† (p. 344). This is when I think that the author is most depressed in this poem. Reflecting back to his childhood makes him sad and feel lonely. Reflecting back on his childhood and how he felt that loneliness he talks later on about how he wants better for his child. He doesn’t want his kid to feel the emptiness and loneliness that he is feeling and has felt as a child. He says â€Å"but thou, my babe! Shalt wander like a breeze by lakes and sandy shores, beneath the crags of ancient mountain, beneath the clouds, which image in their bulk both lakes and shores and mountain crags: so shalt thou see and hear the lovely shapes and sounds intelligible of that eternal language† (p. 345). He wants his child to have better childhood than he did. He wants his child to have more and be better than he was a child. He says that he wants all seasons to be sweet for his child. In this poem he uses his 4 memory to tell a story and he was as a child and how he doesn’t was his child to row up feeling like he did as a kid. In â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† Percy Shelly is talking about a storm that is going to hit. In this poem he talks about being weighed down and he wants to be free again. And he feels like this storm will do that for him. In this poem he wants the wind to inspire him to write poetry, and wants new thoughts. The writer doesn’t even care that this storm is going to hit. He is welcoming it with open arms. The wind is blowing the leaves and clouds and is blowing over the ocean. He wants to be the wind. Memory is talked about in this poem when the talks about how he wants to be ree again. He wants to feel Joy and emotion again. He feels like this storm can do that for him that’s why he wants it to come. In the poem he says â€Å"The impulse of thy strength, only less free than thou, o uncontrollable! If even I were as in my boyhood, and could be free the comrade of thy wanderings over heaven, as then, when to outstrip the skiey speed scarce seemed a vision, I would ne’er have striven† (as cited in Damrosch, 2004, p. 401). This says if he was in his boyhood he would be free and as an adult he is not. So that is why he refers to going back to his childhood to be ree again. His childh memory is a g one. And as ne got older ne teels like ne isn’t free and wants a free spirit. I think his tone in this is also sad. But when he talks about his boyhood I think he is feeling better. In both of these poem that I discussed go back to a memory. But however, both of the memories are different. In Coleridge’s â€Å"Frost at Midnight† the memory he refers to is sad and Great Memory 5 not one that a person wants to remember. He talks about how lonely he was as a child how he hoped he would see someone he knows while he was at school. Every ay he hoped that he would see someone threw the window that he would know. And he hoped that his child would never feel like this. He wanted to make sure his child had better and felt better than he did. In Percy Shellys â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† the memory also goes back to his childhood, but in this poem his childhood was a good time. In this poem he talks about how he wished he was back in his boyhood because was free then. As an adult he doesn’t feel free, he feels weighed down. That’s why he wants to storm to come he feels it will make him feel something again. This memory is a happy one. One that a person would want to remember, not like the one is Coleridge’s â€Å"Frost as Midnight. In both of these poems I think that there is a common theme of emotion and nature. Both of them describe how they are feeling. One is lonely and one feels no joy. But they both use nature to describe it. Coleridge uses the winter and the frost. And Shelly uses the big storm that is about to his to describe how he feels in the poem. With bot h of these poem is shows that a memory is not always good or bad, happy or sad. They can be both. And In the two poems I picked to write about the authors, Samuel Coleridge and Percy Shelly, talk about memorys they had. Both of them happen to be different. One is a happy memory and one that he wants to remember. And the other is one that is not so happy, more of a gloomy memory that he doesn’t want to remember. Memories are what you make of them. You are the only person who can decide how they are going to be remembered. Great Memory 6 No one else can tell you how to feel or how to keep things in your memory. â€Å"Memory is a way of holding onto the things you love, the things you are, the things ou never want to lose – From the television show The Wonder Years† I think this is a perfect quote for memory. How to cite Great Memory, Papers

Heineken Marketing Mix free essay sample

But globally Coca Cola is  pioneer and Pepsi  is follower. ThePepsi makes defense strategies so that it can maintain its position in the market. While Page 3 of 24 Marketing Plan of PEPSI Coca Cola is a challenger and it makes attack strategies so that it can become themarket EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this marketing plan is to develop an understanding about howPEPSI is marketed and distributed in the market (Product, Price, Promotion andDistribution). In this project different analysis are performe. Companyimage,  mission  statement,  goals  amp;  objectives,  core  business  areas,  SWOTAnalysis,  Industry  Analysis,  Marketing  Program,  target  markets,  MarketingStrategy, Marketing Environment, Point  of  Differencesamp; Positioning At the end itwas discussed that what are the core marketing strategies that make PEPSI themore powerful brand. COMPANY HISTORY Pepsi Cola International is world-well-known soft drinks brand. It is a very wellorganized multinational company, which operates in almost all over the world. They produce, one of best-carbonated drinks in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Heineken Marketing Mix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pepsi is a symbol of  hygiene, quality and service, all over the  world. Pepsi is producing Cola for  morethan 100 years, and it has dominated the world market for a long time. Its headoffice is in New York. Page 4 of 24 Marketing Plan of PEPSI Initially Pepsi was used as cough syrup in America, and sold in pharmacy. Butthe taste of that syrup was liked by the people and then added water andcarbonation and with the passage of time it is used as a regular drink and now itis world largest soft drink brand. In beverage sector pioneer is Coca cola andPepsi is follower. In 1909 more than 24 American States gave license to Pepsifor sale. Pepsi Cola was first introduced in 6. 5 ounce bottle. Pepsi was firstregistered in 1932. In 1932 Pepsi Cola was introduced a big bottle of 12 ounce. In 1950, the PepsiCola formula was slightly changed and the sweetness and calories in Pepsi Colawere decreased. In 1957, the bottle was changed to new attractive bottle and theproduct line was also increased by introduction of two more products that wereTeem and Marinda.

The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict

This study of African agency in colonial courts and subsequent social conflicts in Africa applied law to establish and maintain its rule. Looking critically at these aspects, I intend to approach Law as a coercive force that assisted colonial state power to help in securing order, enhancing capitalist development, and restructuring of social relations. [1]Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Significantly, I examine how colonialists enforced new sets of rules and regulations to enable a general process of societal and cultural change. This process was a mission of civilization of colonialism. I critically look at how the mission was legitimized by importing Western set of laws that replaced traditional customs and rules. While historians were almost certain that Western laws were assumed to be more civilized, m ajority of colonial societies are still dealing with the effects this process and the legacy of this legal pluralism[2]. In Africa, colonialists enforced dual legal system in which colonialist law was superimposed in existing legal system. However, both sets of law depended on colonial state legal system. The establishment and maintenance of the legal system was a central feature European colonialist for many years. Majority of colonial societies are still dealing with the effects this process and the legacy of this legal pluralism. [3] In this context, I argue that it is important for the reader to understand that law was necessary for establishment of colonial order as it was the central mechanism of defining relationships between state and society. I guess colonial states were able to set boundaries of behaviour and control spectrum of private transactions through both criminal and civil law regulations. [4] More importantly, although the law was vital in the colonizing process, there existed some conflict concerning the ways in which this process actually affected those colonized. The law application of the law in strict sense perpetuated colonial interests and limited demands placed on the colonized land and labour[5].Advertising Looking for term paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I try to explain how the law was applied by both the colonized and the colonizer to resolve important disputes concerning authority and legitimacy. [6]/sup In addition, I maintain that the entrenched state system of governance include established laws and institutions adopted in African colonies. Historians explore modes of control that recognize customary rules as well as state laws imported from colonizer states. I argue that it is important for historical scholars to understand that customary law referred to the law of colonized people as accepted by colonial administrations. Customary law was es tablished by colonial administrations to guide disputes concerning non Europeans only. Many historians have justified the need by colonial administrations to have customary law as a method of providing autonomy and self governance to people they thought were not ready to appreciate the benefits of civilization. In addition, I argue that customary law enabled colonial powers to use limited human and financial resources to effectively control its conquered territories. Furthermore, I intend to reveal the purpose customary laws were codified by colonial administrations into fixed, formal and written rules enforced by colonial courts. [7] Colonial Courts and Social Conflicts The study of â€Å"Girl Cases: marriage and colonists in Gusiiland, Kenya, 1890-1970† requires people to understand the question of African Agency in colonial courts and the resultant social conflicts. While examining this context, I aim to trace the changes and explain; the intersections of the colonial tren ds in social and legal thinking, colonial administrative policies in Kisii, colonial political economy, and the ideals and actions of individual Gusii people that shaped this history. This study analyzes the importance of African courts, that is, â€Å"the cornerstone to indirect rule by colonies†[8]. Despite the importance of these African courts, little work has been encouraged by historians. Following widely publications in the 1950s and 1960s on African courts, historical appreciation of African law emerged in the 1980s. I argue that colonial administrators sought customary law of each tribe they wished to govern; I feel that indirect rule performed better if officials could implement legitimate laws accepted by those ruled.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas most African societies had not adopted an alterable, uncomplicated set of laws, colonial officials were not deterred. The study relies heavily on both civil and criminal records from the council of elders that served Gusiiland. The council of elders adjudicated many cases every year. Shadle examined court cases relating to marriage disputes in Gusii, Kenya. The scholar was more concerned with criminal cases of adultery, elopement (runaway Women), indecent assault and abduction. I use the court records to effectively apply to uncover the question of African agency in colonial courts and resultant social conflicts[9]. Eloping (Run Away) Women and African Societies Since historians indicate years of interwar as problematic for African women the earliest period of colonization, African women found colonial masters sympathetic to their suffering[10]. I deduce that this scenario changed in the early 1920s and 1930s. History indicates that colonialists had discovered women in rural areas as important for agricultural pr oduction. Prior to this period, women were important for social and physiological reproduction of men for wage labour. I conclude that they were confined to their rural farms to serve colonial interests as well as rural patriarchs[11]. From the study, I also reveal that; rural patriarchs at that time sought avenues to maintain authority over their women (wives and daughters). For these colonialists to use customary law (indirect rule) to maintain social stability and keep colonial rule, they required African rulers’ (senior men) to operate. They discovered the importance of cooperating with African elders in maintaining social order. African elders similarly asked for state help to control their womenfolk. Historians allude that colonial administrations strengthened these laws and monitored women movements with the sole aim of establishing authority and loyalty of African elders. Historians argue that African courts were established by colonial states to solve intra-African c onflicts. African courts adopted customary laws which were interpreted by senior elders as court officials in ways interestingly beneficial to themselves. I agree that these courts applied their authority to regulate the actions of women and youthful men. [12]Advertising Looking for term paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This historiography tries to prove that the subordinated under colonialism contested efforts that empowered their superiors. As we examine the studies of peasants, slaves and workers during colonialism in Africa, we realise the majority contested exploitation by either Europeans of fellow Africans. As scholars project, every power nexus expects the subordinated to contest the relations that empower their superiors. Elaborate studies of peasants, slaves and workers proved that Africans resisted their exploitation, whether by Europeans or other Africans. [13] Abductions In this book, I wish to examine the effects of colonialism and how it was felt in Gusiiland, Kenya. I believe, colonialists thought there rule functioned only with the support of â€Å"tribal† leaders[14]. The necessity of such thinking will become apparent when we consider; â€Å"temperament of colonial administrators, their social and educational backgrounds, made them to appreciate strong patriarchal authori ty.† [15] Men in Gusiiland resorted to abduction to acquire wives in the later 1800s. [16] I argue that this evoked pitched conflicts between clans in Gusiiland. An abductor capable to hold his catch long enough so his gambles pay off. Historians allude that accumulating bride-wealth in the 1890s was virtually difficult as disease destroyed large herds; as a result this led to escalation on the number of abductions in Gusiiland. [17] After 1900, the number of cattle rose and marriage became affordable. Consequently, the number of abductions decreased remarkably. Ultimately, abductors and men taking in runaway women had the intension of marriage. Abductors employed the mode of violence and rape against their subjects. Shadle avers that they threatened and used physical assault to break the woman’s spirit. Popular brutal means they used included punches, knives, clubs, and others on women. [18] Besides brutality, abductors raped their victims as well. They sought to impre gnate their victims as soon as possible. Although premarital pregnancy did not ruin a girl’s chance of marriage, it was impaired. The affected women were intimidated through unjust branding. Abductees who became pregnant through this brutality so few options. Majority resigned to the forced unions. As court records reveal admission of one woman, after having been abducted for three months, â€Å"now I am pregnant and I don’t know what to do.† [19] Still in a desperate position, she later admitted agreeing to marry the abductor even though he had no cattle to settle the marriage. In essence, I deduce that maintenance of encouraged patriarch authority created marital conflicts in Gusiiland. Colonial State Representatives and marriage Disputes This study of â€Å"colonial state representatives and marriage disputes in Gusiiland† requires readers to examine the powers granted to chiefs, headsmen and other indirect rulers that made it possible for men looking for their abducted women easy. I approach the study by explaining that there was no overreaching authority in Gusii highlands during pre-colonial period; and this made it difficult for tracking down women who had run away to any clans. The power conferred to colonial state representatives enabled men to move with relative safety between clans when tracking down the runaway women. Litigants were encouraged by administrators to meet the council of elders (etureti) before going to court (ritongo)[20]. The status of the council of elders was contradictory. The colonial administration viewed the council of elders as a resuscitation of indigenous authorities; Gusii people on the other hand, regarded the council of elders as an invention of the colonial era. The book notes that they continued to seek guidance of their home elders (abanyamaiga). This elders pre-dated colonial rule and included all the elders from the lineage. In contrast, the council of elders were few, elected and appointe d as headsmen. They also had a jurisdiction of a large geographical area rather than lineages.[21] The study of â€Å"Slavery and the Birth of an African City† reiterates that colonial administrations established law to enable them engage with Africans who resisted access to resources, labour, and colonial power and authority[22]. I believe Africans contested European morality and culture. In the process of this interaction, Africans experienced the realities of colonialism. In away, both Africans and Europeans shaped the law and institutions during colonial period. Historians allude that Africans used law as a resource of resistance against colonialism. By looking at this study, readers should discover that they used legal rules and procedures as weapons of African resistance.[23]/sup Buoyed with African resistance to direct intervention and in the interest of checking the costs of administration, indirect rule by colonialists retreated from aggressive legal and governmental reform. [24] Colonial masters still endeavoured to civilize African institutions gently and through remote control. They did not wish to rush the process to avoid the risk of losing the stability of native society. The native society had political and social organization that was well ordered. In this system, all members had definite series of responsibilities to one another. Thus, the British administrator was then tasked with responsibility of reforming indigenous administration from within indigenous institutions. [25] Indirect rule was appropriate to the British to provide a solution to the challenge of administering the vast African empire. A wave of administrative reforms encouraged the spread of native administration across the British Empire. The historical account of this reforms incorporated indigenous systems of law and government, and this helped identify these indigenous systems and governing through local authorities. [26 This also required colonial administrator to i dentify pliable candidates. Roberts and Mann historical account found the British social anthropologists ready to tackle challenges. They found Africans to be best suited to serve the British, due rewards that accompanied the office. I discovered that native administration was easy to implement where stable states existed. However, the system created difficulties in areas as well. Indirect rule in practice encouraged instability. Mann and Roberts note that, although colonial administrators failed to notice it, colonialists imposed themselves on societies engrossed in tussles over leadership and power and the terms under which they were executed. The British built their colonial rule on conflict and change through traditional systems of authority as central to their strategies. [27] Some of the kind of authorities the British sought did not exist in some places. Where local rulers could not be found by administrators, they established them, for instance; the Igbo of Nigeria. In Igbo land, the British established native administration around Macdonald and Moor’s warrant chiefs. They reaffirmed there executive authority as well as judicial authority. Combining these responsibilities and resting them in single individuals went contrary to Igbo pre-colonial political systems[28]. As a result, authorities in Igbo-land lacked legitimacy of their counterparts in Northern Nigeria. The British social anthropologist sent to unmask the source of Aba women’s war, blamed in part the enforcement of indirect rule. [29] According to the anthropologist, native authorities were seen to be more powerful than pre-colonial village councils. In addition, these authorities used their judicial and executive powers to serve their personal interests. This generated widespread hostility. Women in Igbo-land protested when chiefs were empowered to collect taxes. [30] History provides that British were not the only ones who incorporated Africans into colonial law and governmen t. The Portuguese, French and Belgians as well incorporated Africans into their colonial law and government. The French West African government faced a similar conflict faced by the British administration when its indirect rule model resulted to Aba women’s conflict in South-eastern Nigeria. [31] The French also faced conflicts over authority and customs as it codified native jurisdictions and procedures in the French West African government. The period that followed immediately colonial conquests witnessed sizeable migration, urbanization and social change. I am confident that this resulted in rapid growth in urban centres and reorganization in rural societies of different ethnic groups. These groups engaged in domestic relationships, and took their grievances to native courts. The government introduced laws specifying customs prevailed in different circumstances in response to growing number of civil conflicts over marriage, divorce, inheritance and succession fronted by li tigants practicing different customs. Nevertheless, it was not easy to find qualified assessors to help both Africans and Europeans who presided over the tribunals[32]. In sum, we must know that the British and the French adopted the policy of governing their colonies through local systems of law. This became an ideological template to the British and French for the transformation of African societies that conformed to their model of colonial rule. I discovered that the executive and judicial authority was linked by this template. The competence of native authorities depended in the concept of indirect rule. Yet, customary law was established out of collaboration of Africans who sought to establish new forms of access to resources and labour. In addition, Europeans were looking for local authorities to occupy positions generated by their concepts of African societies. [33] Accordingly, the study portrays colonial beliefs as not standing alone. They faced African representatives and their own administrators at every point. The need of colonial administrators to rule their subjects through native legal and political systems produced opportunities for indigenous people through custom representation. Colonial administrators strived to civilize African institutions through indirect rule. [34] The study of â€Å"Litigants and Household African Disputes in French Soudan† on the other hand, takes a historical look at the relationship between the formations of a new system of native courts in the French Soudan in 1905. It also examines how women responded to this new system of native courts. Further, it enlightens readers to understand how the French colonial government charged with responsibility of managing the operations of these courts was mesmerized with the vast numbers of women requiring divorce. Two interpretations are provided as to why African women through these new courts sought divorce during the early colonial period. As a result, this influenced c ourt practices and drove native policy. The first interpretation explains many cases of women seeking divorce due to wretched circumstances in marriage; and second interpretation provided divorce as undermining the authority of the household head and family stability.[35] Women Initial Reactions to the New Courts The French administrators were caught off guard by the vast numbers of women requiring divorces when new courts were implemented in 1905. [36] The court records available indicate frequent incidences of divorce cases sought by women before the provincial tribunal. Women in the French Soudan realized initially that the new courts addressed their grievances. The new courts acted favorably to them as they were able to accept their requests to end marriages they did not prefer. Plaintiffs needing divorce in the French Soudan were required to articulate their reasons for needing to dissolve their marriages. [37] Reasons such as abandonment, mistreatment, non-payment of bride wea lth, spouse illnesses, incompatibility and others were cited as the main trigger for divorce[38]. The examination of the history of custom and Islamic law in the native courts of the French Soudan looks at customary and Islamic family law in native courts in relation to establishment of new courts in 1905. [39] By this I was able to trace emergence of these conflicts to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. We also discover that reforms in French colonial policies and subsequent revolutionary reforms occurred in France at that period. The study examines extensively the conflicts as a result of French colonial policy, and looks at how African litigants applied new courts to confound expectations of their colonial master. [40] This study requires readers to comprehend the colonial legal system as established in 1903 and implemented in 1905. The legal system had procedural problems affecting legal policy and cultural issues in the West African colonial establishment[41]. I argue that the established legal system presented thoughts harbored by the French administrators in relation to Islamic law and also African culture. Sharia law aspects in this law enabled custom and Muslim family law to function together and also guided on how non-Muslims solved their disputes. [42] It also provides procedure for African judges in making judgments. They did not put into consideration the extent of African customs variability. Furthermore, we discover that they did not anticipate litigants to new courts would cause the need for cultural strategies. Historically, colonial legal system was established to enforce uniformity and regularity in administration of justice in the French Soudan. I believe the system mandated establishment of courts and provide regular forms of reporting. While Richard Roberts suggested â€Å"codification of customs to allow use of customs to solve problems†, this was not fully realized[43] . Ii is necessary to understand that the new c ourts could not complete improvisation. More importantly, I argue, the colonial administration while establishing the new legal system did not project the enormity of social changes. The system was established on social changes that were profound. It politicized the courts by establishing new opportunities for litigants to apply native courts to solve disputes in new ways. [44] Bibliography Mann, Kristin. 2007. Slavery and the Birth of an African City, Lagos, 1760-1900. Indiana: Indiana UP, 2007. Roberts, Mann K. 1991. Introduction: Law in Colonial Africa. London: Heinemann. Robert, Richard. 2005. Litigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan. London: Heinemann. Shadle, Brett. Girl Cases: Marriage and Colonialism in Gusiiland. London: Heinemann Footnotes Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 8. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 4. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 8. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann, 2006), xxi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvii.. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxv. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvii. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxiii. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxiv. Mann Kristin. 2007. Slavery and the birth of an African City (Indiana: Indianapolis UP, 2007), 4. Roberts Richards and M ann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 3. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 7. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 9. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 37. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 11. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 2. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 84. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 85. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 86. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 85. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 86. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 87. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 90. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 85. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Cou rts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 91. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 92. This term paper on The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict was written and submitted by user Braeden Booker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students Executive summary This proposal is aimed at raising the awareness of international students about the benefits of attending churches.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This proposal includes several elements: the design of brochures and leaflets about the churches in California; distribution of these leaflets; evaluation of students’ experiences and attitude toward churches. The proposed program can assist learners who struggle with culture shock and alienation from others. People, who will be involved in this project, should have qualifications in several areas such as management, design, and social research. The budget of this project will be $ 2000. There are several important outcomes: ability of international students to adapt to a different environment; their resistance to culture shock; the increased awareness of educators and social workers about the problems that international students have to struggle with. This project can be supported by various public organizations, but the most important role can be played by California Association of Student Councils. This agency can support a great number of international students. These are the main aspects that should not be overlooked. Introduction This proposal is aimed at increasing student’s awareness about the benefits of joining local churches that are located in California. In particular, it is necessary to design and distribute brochures that contain the following information: names and addresses of local churches; the time when one can attend these churches; the benefits of joining such organization. This initiative has several rationales. First, it should be noted that international students face such a problem as culture shock. This issue can be attributed to various factors such as lack of knowledge about culture, languag e barriers, or inability to see one’s relatives (Arthur 26; Burnapp 43).Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, these learners establish close contacts only with people who share their language or culture. As a result, after several years of study they know very little about the host country, and they cannot integrate themselves in the community. One can say that this problem will become even more important in the future because the number of international students will only increase (International Student Trends unpaged). In turn, by joining local churches, these people can develop their communicative skills and learn more about various aspects of foreign culture (Montgomery 100). This approach has already benefited learners from other countries. It will be easier for them to integrate themselves into the society. The following section will include the description of the project, its budgetary requirements, and timelines. On the whole, the successful implementation of this initiative can positively affect the lives of many international students whose experiences can be impaired by culture shock and alienation. Description of the project The significance of the proposal Overall, this project can affect a great number of stakeholders. One should take into account that in 2011 there were 96,535 international students in California (International Student Trends unpaged). Moreover, this number is likely to increase in the future. One can say that the success of this project can positively affect academic performance of students (Andrade and Evans 50). Finally, these people can eventually learn more about the country in which they live. These are the main issues that should be considered. This initiative can be supported by California Association of Student Councils.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Bene fits of Attending Churches for International Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main steps This project will consist of several stages. At first, it is necessary to design a brochure which contains relevant information about local churches. It is vital to focus on those churches located in the most populous districts of California. In other words, international students should be able to find these organizations as soon as possible. Furthermore, these leaflets should clearly explain the benefits of joining churches. These are the main requirements that should be met during the stage of design. Apart from that, it is necessary to distribute leaflets and brochures in those areas in which there are many universities and colleges that international students can attend. This approach can significantly simplify the work of volunteers who should be involved in this project. This is one of the issues should be considered. Finally, it is i mportant to conduct a follow-up evaluation of those international students who chose to join one of local churches. This assessment should be related to the following aspects: the wellbeing of students; their perception of foreign culture and country; their attitude toward the church. Furthermore, in the course of the interview, one should also find out how many of students decided to attend churches and how much time they spend there. This assessment is important for determining whether this initiative is effective. These are the main elements of this proposal. On the whole, this proposal can be of great use to many people, especially those ones who help international students adapt to a new cultural and linguistic environment. These people will not be alienated from local community, and this is the main outcome of this proposal.Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is one of the main aspects that be identified. Moreover, this project can be completed by people who have expertise in various areas. One can say that this project can have significant implications for many educational organizations in California. Qualification and experience As a person, who majors in economics, I am able to manage the implementation of this strategy, especially its costs. Moreover, I can coordinate the efforts of other people, who will be involved in this project. In this case, one can speak about volunteers who will design and distribute the brochures to students. I have already worked on various group assignments, and I had to act as the team leader. Apart from that, I know many international students, and I am familiar with their experiences. Additionally, I know what kind of difficulties these people face, especially when they have to leave in different environment. Yet, one has to admit that this initiative can be successfully implemented provided that I am assisted by people, who have skills in areas that are not related to economics. Much attention should be paid to such fields as design and psychology. The first group of external consultants will be engaged in the design of the brochure about local churches. Secondly, this project should involve individuals, who are skilled in social research because they need to survey those international students who decided to attend the churches. These are the main requirements that should not be overlooked. Timeline The tasks identified in this proposal can be successfully implemented in the course of four months. In particular, one can single out the following stages: Approximately thirty days will be needed to design and publish the brochures and leaflets. At this point, it will be essential to attract the attention of international students and explain why local churches can be of great use to them. This is why one should spend a sufficient amount of time on this assignment. Furthermore , it is necessary to spend at least two days on the distribution of these materials to students. The main task of volunteers is to explain what kind of information will be presented in brochures and leaflets. Finally, it is important to mention the follow-up survey which is aimed at determining whether any people, who received the brochure, decided to join one of local churches. This task should be carried out after the distribution of the brochures.This assessment can show whether the attendance of local churches can change the attitude of international students. This is why this step should not be overlooked. Budget Overall, this initiative should be viewed as a pilot project. It is necessary to distribute approximately 100 brochures and leaflets. Each brochure will cost approximately $ 10. In turn, the total cost of publishing these materials will be $ 1000. Furthermore, it is necessary to spend costs on the additional interview of international students. This assignment will re quire additional $ 2000. Therefore, this budget should be at least $ 3000. This proposal can be sponsored by California Association of Student Councils. In this way, this public organization can significantly assist many learners attending local colleges and universities. Conclusion The tasks indentified in this paper are aimed at increasing the awareness of international students about churches in California. By joining these organizations, these people can overcome culture shock, develop communicative skills, and establish contacts with the representatives of other cultures. Overall, this project can bring improvements into the experiences of international students who are frequently isolated from other people. They will be able to overcome both cultural and linguistic barriers that prevent them from integrating into the society. By supporting this proposal, California Association of Student Councils cam help a great number of foreign learners. Provided that this initiative proves to be successful, it can be implemented in other parts of the country. Andrade, Maureen, and Norman Evans. International Students: Strengthening a  Critical Resource, New York: RL Education, 2009. Print. Arthur, Nancy. Counseling international students: clients from around the world, New York: Springer, 2004. Print. Burnapp, Dave. Getting Ahead as an International Student, Boston: McGraw-Hill International, 2009. Print. International Student Trends. 2012. Web. Montgomery, Catherine. Understanding the International Student Experience, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

Requirements to be a US Senator

Requirements to be a US Senator Requirements to be a U.S. Senator are established in Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution.  The Senate is the United States higher legislative chamber (the House of Representatives being the lower chamber), containing 100 members. If you have dreams of becoming one of the two senators who represent each state for six-year terms, you might want to check the Constitution first. The guiding document for our government specifically spells out the requirements to be a senator. Individuals must be: At least 30 years oldA U.S. citizen for at least nine years at the time of election to the SenateA resident of the state one is elected to represent in the Senate Similar to those for being a U.S. Representative, the Constitutional requirements for being a Senator focus on age, U.S. citizenship, and residency. In addition, the post-Civil War Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any person who has taken any federal or state oath swearing to support the Constitution, but later took part in a rebellion or otherwise aided any enemy of the U.S. from serving in the House or Senate. These are the only requirements for the office that are specified in Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution, which reads, No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. Unlike U.S. Representatives, who represent the people of specific geographic districts within their states, U.S. Senators represent all of the people in their states. Senate vs. House Requirements Why are these requirements for serving in the Senate more restrictive than those for serving the House of Representatives? In the 1787 Constitutional Convention, delegates looked to British law in setting age, citizenship, and residency or â€Å"inhabitancy† qualifications for senators and representatives, but voted not to adopt proposed religion and property ownership requirements. Age The delegates debated the minimum age for senators after they had set the age for representatives at 25. Without debate, the delegates voted to set the minimum age for senators at 30. James Madison justified the higher age in Federalist No. 62, stating the due to the more impactful nature of the â€Å"senatorial trust,† a â€Å"greater extent of information and stability of character,† was needed for senators than for representatives. Interestingly, English law at the time set the minimum age for members of the House of Commons, the lower chamber of Parliament, at 21, and at 25 for members of the upper house, the House of Lords. Citizenship English law in 1787 strictly prohibited any person not born in â€Å"the kingdoms of England, Scotland, or Ireland† from serving in either chamber of Parliament. While some delegates might have favored such a blanket ban for the U.S. Congress, none of them proposed it. An early proposal by Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania included a 14-year U.S. citizenship requirement for senators. However, the delegation voted against Morris’ proposal, voting instead for the current 9-year period, two years longer than the 7-year minimum they had earlier adopted for the House of Representatives. Notes from the convention indicate that the delegates considered the 9-year requirement to be a compromise â€Å"between a total exclusion of adopted citizens† and an â€Å"indiscriminate and hasty admission of them.† Residency Recognizing the fact that many American citizens may have lived abroad for some time, the delegates felt a minimum U.S. residency, or â€Å"inhabitancy† requirement should apply to the members of Congress. While England’ Parliament had repealed such residency rules in 1774, none of the delegates spoke for such rules for Congress. As a result, the delegates voted to require that members of the both the House and Senate be inhabitants of the states from which they were elected but placed no minimum time periods limits on the requirement. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer and a former copy editor for The Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper. Updated by Robert Longley

How to increase customers commitment and loyalty to the products Research Paper

How to increase customers commitment and loyalty to the products - Research Paper Example Commitment, as Jones et al. outline, has some specific characteristics. First of all, it is targeted – a person can be committed to different things, including company’s product or the company itself. The subject of the commitment is, thus, what connects an individual with the organization through the person’s psychological attachment. Secondly, commitment may take different forms. Among them are affective, normative and continuance commitment. Each type of commitment has a different psychological basis. Finally, each of the three types of commitment generates â€Å"different effects on various relationship-related outcomes†. This means that, depending on which type of commitment a customer experiences, the individual is more or less likely to be willing to maintain the relationship with the subject of commitment. Similarly, the type of commitment determines how loyal that individual is to the brand or company, and how likely he or she is to abandon the br and or company. Affective commitment, according to Gruen, Summers and Acito can be defined as a degree of customer’s psychological attachment to the commitment target. This type of commitment is based on customer’s positive feelings towards the subject of commitment and is a predictor of such responses as advocacy, co-production, willingness to pay more, as well as the number of purchased items. Therefore, in order to build affective commitment of a customer the company has to make sure its brand, product or service evokes positive associations. Such positive associations can be supported by good company image, its CSR activities, or simply well-designed advertising campaign. Normative commitment is based on person’s feeling of being obliged to the subject of commitment. This feeling is usually evoked by certain social norms and social pressure for acting in a certain manner. Feeling obliged, the customer is more willing to help the company by means of, for instance, paying more for its product, helping in some way or recommending the product to others, thus also helping the organization. This type of commitment is more appropriate for organizations that are able to devote their resources to serving some positive social projects. For instance, a company might tell that it will send part from the received revenue to hungry children of Africa. In this situation an individual might choose this particular company to buy from because he or she feels obliged to help the children. Continuance commitment is based on â€Å"perceived costs associated with terminating the relationship† (Jones et al. 2010, 24). If, for instance, there are no alternatives to some product, or the customer has already invested much into certain company, the customer may feel continuance commitment. The cost of switching to another brand (product, company, etc.) is considered by such a client to be too high. In comparison to emotional affective and moral normative commitment, conti nuance commitment is the most rational form of commitment. Continuance comm

SWOT Analysis of a commercial product (a new environmentally friendly Term Paper

SWOT Analysis of a commercial product (a new environmentally friendly car called Sun Top) - Term Paper Example The car is made with the ability to shift wheel engines so that the back of the car becomes smaller for efficient parking. It is therefore a space saving car. The cars can function as oxygen generators, recharging stations, and solar energy storage batteries. Opportunities The auto industry is under radical change. There are environmental concerns that require manufacturing of environmentally friendly automobiles; there are issues of increasing gas prices, and increasing economy fuel standards. These are push factors to the manufacturers to produce efficient cars that fit the consumers’ needs. There is increasing demand from the public for energy efficient, money saving, environmentally friendly, reliable and practical cars (X3). Weaknesses Electric cars reception in the market is still weak irrespective of the current market demand. Some people still consider it slow and not fit for the market. Some people are still not comfortable with the size of the cars which accommodates only two people (X3). The car still has a very low speed. The current highest speed is 130 mph, but there are other Sun Top types with 70 mph. This is not acceptable in the current market where so many automobiles have higher speeds of even 200km/h and above. The only advantage it has is its unique combination of money saving ability, efficiency, reliability and eco-friendliness. It cannot be used by families that need bigger cars to accommodate bigger numbers. Another problem is that the market is still full of other normal cars and it is not the only eco-friendly car in the market. The brand is weaker compared to other companies, such as Audi, Volkswagen, Chevrolet, Lexus, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Ford, Toyota, and Nissan, all with different types of eco-friendly cars entering the same market targeted by Sun Top’s company (X2). These companies have already established market. Threats The market has increasing demand for eco-friendly cars, but there are different types being introduced in the market. There are eco-friendly cars powered by electric batteries, hydrogen, natural gas, and biodiesel that emit less polluting gases. These are cars that will compete for the same market that Sun Top’s company is looking forward to exploiting. There is also a lot of competition from the normal cars with high speed, still common in the market, and still accepted in the market. There are various companies with eco-friendly cars, that is, companies such as Audi, Volkswagen, Chevrolet, Lexus, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and many more (X2). The same companies still offer competition from the normal cars they develop and their innovative and creative abilities. Competition is not from the structure, the size and the abilities of the cars, the companies are aware of the same market being competed for and so are a source of threat because of their abilities in different areas of management. Different types of cars are also entering the market. These could be preferred compared to the current eco-friendly car being introduced into the market. This is why innovation by other companies is a very big threat. An example is the existence of driverless cars introduced by Google. Uncertainty of consumer behavior is another threat. They may choose the driverless or any newly developed cars and leave the current eco-friendly cars in the market. Marketing Strategy Target Market Sun Top is a new product

Economics Paper Essay Example for Free

Economics Paper Essay 1: Define the term ‘equilibrium price’: The price at which quantity demanded by consumers and the quantity of goods and services supplied by firms is the same. 3: With the help of an appropriate diagram and the information in extract B, explain why the world price of sugar changed in 2009: The price of sugar rose to $0.40 per kilo in 2009 this is shown in the extract as it states that in 2009 prices in New York and London rose by 52% to its highest in almost three years. The diagram below shows how the inward shift of supply caused by poor crop harvests and India’s %40 fall in output of sugar affected the price of sugar due to its scarcity, leading to the %52 rise in price of sugar. Another factor that could have had an effect on the price of sugar would have been in 2008 there were poor crop harvests that year – this led to a low level of supply in 2008 which raised the price of sugar due to its scarcity. This poor harvest would have had something to do with the land quality –this may have affected the harvest in 2009. Supply constraints also had an effect, as due heavy rainfall the Columbian crop was damaged – the rain also washed away some of the roads used to transport the products from the field to the market. So whatever crop the farmers managed to save from the rain was then prevented from reaching market, this would have contributed to the price rise in a way similar to the diagram above. India is a main producer of sugar, so much so that its sugar output is a critical factor in determining the world price of sugar. India’s output was forecast to fall by %40 so only 15million tonnes of sugar would have been produced in the growing season – this is well below India’s sugar consumption of 23million tonnes a year. This would mean that India wouldn’t be inclined to export much of its sugar as there’s already a deficit of supply in its own country. Although, with this large fall in supply there’ll most likely be a rise in sugar price in India – the people may not be willing or able to pay the new price so whatever amount of sugar is leftover could be exported, at a price which would lead to the %52 rise in London and New York sugar prices.

Ural Mountains :: Informative Essays

The Ural Mountains are a rugged spine across Russia, running 1,300 miles from the fringe of the Arctic in the North, to the bend of the Ural River in the South. Traditionally they form a boundary between Europe and Asia. The north- south course of the Urals is relatively narrow, varying from about 20 to 90 miles in width, but it cuts across the vast latitude landscape regions of the Eurasian landmass, from Arctic waste to semidesert; the Urals also are part of the Ural economic region, a highly developed industrial complex closely tied to the mineral-rich Siberian region, and are the home of people with roots reaching deep into history. Physical Features The Urals divide into five sections. The northernmost Polar Urals extend some 240 miles from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north-east to the Khulga River the southeast; most mountains rise to 3300-3600 feet above sea level, although the highest peak, Mount Payer reaches 4829 ft. The next stretch, the Nether-Polar Urals, extends for more than 140 miles south to the Shchugor River. This section contains the highest peaks of the entire range, including Mount Narodnaya which reaches 6217 ft. and Mount Karpinsk Which is 6161 ft. These first two sections are typically Alpine and are Strewn with Glaciers and are heavily marked with permafrost. Farther south come the Northern Urals, which stretch for more than 340 miles to the Usa River in the south; most mountains top 3300 feet, and the highest peak, Mount Telpos-Iz, rises 5305 ft. Many of the summits are flattened, the remnants of the ancient Peneplains uplifted by geographically tectonic movements. In the north, intensive weathering has resulted in vast "seas of stone" on mountain slopes and summits. The lower Central Urals extend more than 200 miles to the Ufa river, rarely exceeding 1600 ft., althought the highest peak Mount SrednyBascy, rises to 3261 ft. The summits are smooth, with isolated residual outcrops. The last portion, the Southern Urals, extends some 340 miles to the westward bend of the Ural River and consists of several parallel ridges rising to 3900 ft. and culminating in Mount Yamantau, 580 ft.; the section terminates in the wide uplands of the Mugadozer h ills. The People Human habitation of the Urals dates to the distant past, The Nenetes are Sanoyed people of the Pay-Khoyregion, and their language belongs to the Samoyedic group of languages, which is widespread throughout northern Siberia. The most numerous indigenous groups the Bashkir, long settled in the southern Urals speak a tongue relater to the Turkic group. The Russian population is the largest group of people and is concentrated primarily in the central and

College Student Stress Coping

College students facing academic, social, and other stresses such as finances and how to cope with them. The most common stress most college students face is the stress from the work load that is common in a higher education system. This is the major challenge, and you will be facing without the close guidance you may have previously enjoyed from a teacher or parent; Social stress seems to be more prominent with underclassmen leaving home and there support structure from home but can affect any college student.Most students find that the number one cause of stress for them is financially trying to juggle a full load, and work full time to support yourself and for other students pay for school. Academic stress seems to be what cause the biggest problem for most students. There are some things you can do if you would like to lower your stress level and make student life better. First thing you should do is get the right information from the very beginning. How many lectures, seminars o r laboratory sessions are you supposed to be attending?With your assignments make sure you know exactly what you are being asked to do? How many words you’re expected to write and what the deadline is for handing it in. Also try to set up your own space for academic’s to make it easier to focus and concentrate, if you have a noisy roommate try to find a place in the library or even a local coffee shop to frequent. These suggestions will help lower your academics stress which will make life easier for the college student.Social stress for college students is something else that is very common especially in new college students. Most social stress comes from trying to fit it or even trying to create a new social network because in most case’s this is the first time away from home and away from your entire support structure and comfort zone. With social stress one of the most important things to remember is to try and stay involved in different activities at school and get involved with different organizations on campus to meet new people.When getting involved with the organization’s on campus you’ll meet new friends and become more socially outgoing which will help greatly with social stress. Reducing the amount of social stress in college students, will lead to a more enjoyable and positive experience. Financial stress tends to be tohe root of most students problems whether it’s from overspending, lack of proper guidance, peer pressure, inexperience or many other factors. As a result just about everyone is bogged down with large debts increasing day by day.As students many have tried different things to cut down expense but still no luck. There are many ways to help lift the financial stress for college students like taking federal or private loans, grants and scholarships, and working during the summer vacation. By taking federal or private loans you get to choose the best one that is suitable for your need, if you dec ide to go for a private one then do enough research to make sure you’re not at a loss and end up paying more instead of benefitting from it.Grants and scholarships are another great ideas because these will help lift the burden of some financial stress. When applying for grants and scholarships keep in mind these are offered free by federal organizations for the benefit of students. Make sure to take advantage of the situation but you have to prove worthy for these aids. Getting summer jobs will also help lift some of that financial stress because you can do it in your off time and not stress with studying or school work but catch up and save some money!The best ways for college students to cope with the stress of being away from home, social stress, and financial stress. Academic stress seems to be one of the most common among students. Most college students find that the added freedom of being away from the structure at home and the more difficult classes to be extremely st ressful. Just remember try and create your own space for studying with a desk and a quiet place, if you have a noisy roommate find a nice place in the library or a nice local coffee shop to visit.Social stress also seems to be a major problem with college students. Trying to fit in and make new friends after leaving there comfort zone and support structure can be difficult. When starting at college try and get involved in activities to get you out and have a good time. Another great thing to do is get into some organizations to help meet new people and even become more outgoing to make the college experience more fun and less stress. Financial stress seems to be the biggest burden for college students trying to survive on your own and worrying about how you will pay for chool. Remember federal and private loans are a great way to lift stress off you but just do your research and find the one that will work best for your needs. Grants and scholarships are the best thing for most stud ents because they are offered for free from federal organizations but you must prove yourself for these aids Summer jobs are great for students who want to make a little extra cash on the side and lift the stress and worry of college off their mind. B y following some of these tips you are sure to reduce some stress in your everyday college life.

Types of adaptations for Spina Bifida

Biffed is a neural tube defect that affects many small children. The severity of this condition can differ from case to case depending on the position of the protrusion of a fluid filled sac, making nerves and parts of the spinal cord visible on the back. Types of adaptations for this disability can be equipment or rule related. Someone who suffers from Spins Biffed often has some movement of limbs and is able to participate in some activities using lighter equipment since they may not have enough strength to throw a heavy ball or swing a heavy bat.Using foam or near balls or plastic equipment may be a proper equipment adaptation and will allow for more effective participation by the student. Rule modifications such as using bases that are closer to each other in baseball or allowing for a second bounce in tennis would be great ways to include an individual with mild Spins Billed. People with Spins Billed sometimes have trouble making swift movements or running long distances so thes e accommodations would be sensible solutions for Inability to perform these physical tasks. Some physical activities that would be appropriate Is a game of foam ball tennis.This would be played with a soft foam tennis ball and light tennis rackets. The student with the disability would be able to hit the ball over the net because It would require a lot less strength and would work on hand-eye coordination. Another activity could be basketball with a short basket where the student would use a lighter ball. These accommodations are appropriate because these students with Spins Biffed don't have as much strength or range of motion so making the target goal shorter or more reachable would allow for Inclusion In these actively.

You made it to the waitlist, but who said that you need to wait

You made it to the waitlist, but who said that you need to wait If youve been placed on a schools waitlist, congratulations! You werent rejected, and many are accepted each year from waitlists. As an MBA Admissions Consultant, I advise my clients not to sit back and wait, at least not in most cases. Working to get accepted from a waitlist is simply another step in the MBA admissions process. Here are some points to consider: 1. Carefully read the email you received from the school. Some schools tell you not to do anything more than just wait. If they say that, then you take a risk if you try communicating with them- so you probably should just sit tight. 2. Luckily, most schools will not ask you to do nothing. In that case, you need to launch a subtle but active campaign to get accepted from the waitlist. Be careful, since schools change their rules every year. For example, Harvard Business School used to instruct waitlisted applicants not to do anything. This year, it changed its instructions to leave it up to you as to whether or not to add materials to your application. So Id recommend taking advantage of that opportunity. First of all, assess where your application may have been weak. If youre brave, call someone you know in the schools admissions department or the person who interviewed you, and see what you can learn about areas where you need to strengthen your application. Then submit information to address that area. For example, you might: a. Submit an additional recommendation. If you worked with an admissions consultant, the chances are good that s/he helped you to decide which recommenders to use right away and which one or two to save for use should you get placed on a waitlist. Often, theres someone at your employer, perhaps a higher level executive, who wasnt your day-to-day supervisor but is a true leader and knows one when he sees one. Or you can consider getting a well-known alumnus or business leader to recommend you. b. Submit a series of letters. Start with one that thanks the admissions office for putting you on the waitlist, and makes it clear that you are still eager to go the school and wish to remain on the waitlist. Reinforce something strong about you. Then in a couple of weeks, send a follow-up letter that emphasizes things youve done since you first applied and that make you a stronger candidate. If your GPA was a bit weak, talk about courses youve taken recently where you got great grades. If your GMAT was a problem, submit a new, higher score. Tell the committee about new leadership responsibilities youve had at work, new accomplishments, volunteer charity leadership, etc. One of your goals should be to keep yourself at the forefront of the admission committee’s minds, so when an opening occurs, they consider you before others. c.. Possibly visit the school again. One of my very first clients lived in California and was waitlisted at MIT Sloan. He had already been accepted by Wharton but wanted to get accepted by MIT Sloan. He flew out twice to the school and managed to meet both times with the Admissions Director. She was impressed and he eventually was accepted. Be careful to not become an annoyance. Always use discretion regarding the frequency with which you follow up with schools. But unless the school has said not to do so, you can take control of the post-waitlist process. In many cases, your follow-up will make the difference between getting off the waitlist and settling for your second choice school. Need guidance in your MBA/EMBA Application process? Maximize your applications with help from The Essay Experts MBA Admissions Consulting Services. Or feel free to email me directly at larryessayexpert@gmail.com. Larry Sochrin

History of Mail and the Postal System

History of Mail and the Postal System The history of using a mail service or courier service to pass messages from one person in one place to another person in another place has most likely been occurring since the invention of writing.   The first documented use of organized  courier  service is in  Egypt in 2400 B.C., where  Pharaohs  used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the State. The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, which dates back to 255 BC. There is evidence of postal systems dating back to ancient Persia, China, India and Rome. Today, the  Universal Postal Union, established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges. First Envelopes The first envelopes were made of cloth, animal skins or vegetable parts.   The Babylonians wrapped their message in thin sheets of clay that were then baked. These Mesopotamian envelopes date back to circa 3200  BC. They were hollow, clay spheres that were molded around financial tokens and used in private transactions.   Paper envelopes were developed in China, where paper was invented in the 2nd century B.C.  Paper envelopes, known as  chih poh, were used to store gifts of money. Of Mice and Mail In 1653, a Frenchman De Valayer established a postal system in Paris. He set up mailboxes and delivered any letters placed in them if they used the postage pre-paid envelopes that he sold. De Valayers business did not last long when a devious person decided to put live mice in the mailboxes scaring away his customers. Postage Stamps A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill, invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first  postage stamp system  in the world was issued in England in 1840. Hill created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight, rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of postage both possible and practical.   History of The United States Postal Office The  United States Postal Service is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government and has been responsible for providing postal services in the U.S. since its start in 1775. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the U.S. Constitution. Founding father  Benjamin Franklin  was appointed the first  postmaster general.   First Mail Order Catalog The  first mail order catalog  was distributed in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward selling goods primarily to rural farmers who had difficulty making it out to the big cities for commerce. Ward started his Chicago-based business with only $2,400. The first catalog consisted of a single sheet of paper with a price list, 8 inches by 12 inches, showing the merchandise for sale with ordering instructions. The catalogs then expanded into illustrated books. ln 1926, the first Montgomery Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana. In 2004, the company was re-launched as an e-commerce business. The First Automatic Postal Sorter Canadian electronics scientist Maurice Levy invented an automatic postal sorter in 1957 that could handle 200,000 letters an hour. The Canadian Post Office Department had commissioned Levy to design and supervise the building of a new, electronic, computer-controlled, automatic mail sortation system for Canada. A hand-made model sorter was tested at postal headquarters in Ottawa in 1953. It worked, and a prototype coding and sortation machine, capable of processing all of the mail then generated by the City of Ottawa, was built by Canadian manufacturers in 1956. It could process mail at a rate of 30,000 letters per hour, with a missort factor of less than one letter in 10,000.

The Professional Advice to Rio Tinto Japan Assignment

The Professional Advice to Rio Tinto Japan - Assignment Example Rio Tinto launched a damage control and public relations initiative that was meant to arrest the situation and prevent the company from incurring other major losses as a result of the earthquake (http://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/ 2013). Although it was a success to a certain degree, the company accepted that it had been caught grossly unawares and unprepared (just like Japan) and therefore needed to build a level of preparedness that is sufficient to deal with such situations. This paper is aimed at achieving three things: providing professional advice to Rio Tinto Japan on how to handle the issues that arose from the earthquake. This will be basically done in four ways: a) Developing and using decision criteria to justify the choices among the ‘alternative’ courses of action. b) Based on the decision criteria, developing a range of realistic alternatives to address the ‘issues’ identified c) Deciding on a solution to the ‘issues’ derived from the ‘alternatives’. For each ‘alternative’, providing a justification for the solutions chosen or rejected. d) Providing realistic suggestions on how those ‘solutions’ could be implemented at Rio Tinto. ... It is my intention to avoid making a similar mistake when writing this paper, by being clear and objective with my points and presentations. At the end of this paper, I hope to have come up with a feasible and practical framework to guide Rio Tinto not only on how to handle the effects of the earthquake, but also to build a level of preparedness that makes it capable to deal with a broad range of disasters if and when they happen. I also hope to provide the company with invaluable advice on how to approach the issue of disaster management as a whole, and not just earthquakes. The company will, therefore, be able to avoid a similar scenario in the future. Decision Criteria a) Before formulating the decision criteria, it is important to outline the choices among the ‘alternative’ courses of action and accompany them with the appropriate decision criteria. Choices among the ‘alternative’ sources of action Decision Criteria Training employees on disaster prepare dness Awareness on how to react in case of a disaster. Conducting regular ‘drilling’ exercises Alertness and readiness in case of disasters Reconstruction of the office building to make it capable of withstanding certain disasters The office building should act as a buffer itself by protecting inhabitants from the initial effects of disasters. Acquiring and installing equipment to facilitate safety in case of disasters Warning mechanisms, protective equipment Improving and building communication Facilitate the sharing of information despite the occurrence of a disaster, hence making it easier to pursue courses of action.